The bacteria Clostridium tetani produces a toxin that causes Tetanus. Tetanus spores are found in soil everywhere in the world. The disease is mostly acquired when a wound comes in contact with any material containing these spores. The bacteria releases toxins which may proceed to attack the brain and spinal cord nerves.

Wounds prone to Tetanus include:

– damaged tissue and deep puncture wounds

– wounds that contain foreign bodies

– bone fractures where the skin is torn

– burns or wounds in patients suffering from an infection of the blood

Although Tetanus is found worldwide, it is more common in poor countries where the rate of vaccination is low.

Generally, a tetanus infection is associated with extremely painful contractions and spasms of the skeletal muscles. It mostly presents with trismus (lockjaw) and is characterised by a spasm of the facial muscles. These muscle spasms also result in;  neck stiffness, forceful arching of the back, abnormal breathing patterns, and swallowing difficulties. With intensive medical care, death from this infection occurs in 10% to 20% of cases.

Prevention

In case of an accident while travelling, camping, or walking, thoroughly clean all wounds and seek immediate medical attention.

Tetanus Vaccination

The NHS vaccination schedule offers a complete primary vaccination. If travelling to a place where medical facilities are limited, a booster tetanus vaccine is required if the last dose was more than ten years ago. This is recommended even if five doses of vaccine have been given previously.